German steel grade representation method
German steel grade representation method
The DIN standard (Deutsche Industrie Norm, German Industrial Standard) was formulated by the German Association for Standardization (Deutsches Institut für Normung, abbreviated DIN).
Regarding the DIN standard steel grade representation method, there are two types: DIN 17006 system and DIN 17007 system.
DIN 17006
In order to facilitate the naming of grades, DIN 17006 first stipulates the following concepts for various types of steel:
According to DIN 17006's regulations on the representation method of grades, its grade consists of three parts:
① The main part of the strength or chemical composition of steel;
②The abbreviation of the smelting or original characteristics in front of the main body;
③The numbers representing the scope of guarantee and the abbreviations of the processing status attached to the main body.
The main part above and the meaning of the letters and numbers used are shown in the table below. However, the two parts ② and ③ can be omitted when not necessary.
The grades of the DIN 17006 system are divided into two types: according to the strength of raw materials and according to chemical composition.
(1) According to the method of expression of material strength
This method of expression is only applicable to non-alloy steel. The main body of the steel grade consists of the letters "St" (abbreviation for Stahl) followed by the lower limit value of tensile strength (MPa).
For example: St33-carbon steel with a tensile strength of not less than 310MPa; USt37, RSt37-boiling steel (USt) and killed steel (RSt) with a lower limit of tensile strength of 360MPa.
Another example is QSt37-3U, "Q" means cold-headable, "-3" means guaranteed impact toughness, and "U" means untreated.
In recent years, Germany has adopted European standards for the representation of non-alloy steel grades. Its grade S×××, S represents steel, and ××× indicates the lowest value of yield point (Mpa), and sometimes a suffix symbol is used to indicate the quality level or supply status. According to the different diameter or thickness of the steel, the carbon content of the same grade of steel is allowed to be adjusted.
(Ii) According to the chemical composition
This representation method can be divided into three types: non-alloy steel, low-alloy steel and high-alloy steel:
⑴Non-alloy steel
For carbon steel, only when it is used, when the other properties of the steel are more important than the tensile strength, or when the steel needs to be heat treated by the user (such as carburized steel, quenched and tempered steel), the chemical composition is used. method.
The main body of its steel grade is composed of the carbon symbol "C" and the subsequent number indicating the average carbon content of ten-thousandths. For example: C15-carburized steel with an average carbon content of 0.15%; C35N-quenched and tempered steel with an average carbon content of 0.35%, "N" means normalized.
According to the different quality requirements of carbon steel (the degree of restriction on phosphorus and sulfur content) and different uses, it can also be prefixed with Ck, Cm, Cf, Cq and other letters at the beginning of the grade:
C××—P in steel, S≤0.045% (×× represents the number of ten thousandths of average carbon content).
Ck××—High-quality steel with controlled sulfur and phosphorus content.
Cm××—High-quality steel with controlled sulfur content, S0.020-0.035% in steel.
Cf××—Steel for surface hardening.
Cq××—Steel for cold heading.
⑵ Low alloy steel and alloy steel
The main body of the grade is composed of a number indicating a few parts of carbon content, an alloy element symbol and a number indicating the value of the alloy element content. The alloy elements are represented by chemical symbols and are arranged in order according to their content: when the content is the same, then In alphabetical order. See the table below for the expression method of alloy element content.
Since the number after the element symbol in the brand is the product of the average content of alloying elements and the index in the above table, when you want the chemical composition of the brand, you should divide it by the original index.
For example: 13Cr2-represents a chromium steel with an average carbon content of 0.13% and an average chromium content (2÷4)%=0.5%;
25CrMo4—means a chromium-molybdenum steel with an average carbon content of 0.25%, an average chromium content (4÷4)%=1%, and molybdenum.
In some drawings or materials, a representative letter indicating the heat treatment state is added after the main body of the grade.
For example: 13Cr2E—means an average carbon content of 0.13% and an average chromium content of 0.5%, which has been carburized and quenched; 25CrMo4V—means an average carbon content of 0.25%, an average of 1% chromium, and contains molybdenum, which has been quenched and tempered.
⑶ High alloy steel
Its grade is preceded by the letter "X", which means high-alloy steel; followed by a number indicating the average carbon content of the steel and the chemical symbols of the alloying elements arranged in order according to the content; finally, the main alloying elements are indicated The average percentage of the content (rounded to the nearest whole number).
For example: X10CrNi18-8 means stainless steel with w(C) of 0.10%, w(Cr) of 18%, and w(Ni) of 8%. X10CrNiTi18-9-2 means stainless steel with w(C) of 0.10%, w(Cr) of 18%, w(Ni) of 9%, and w(Ti) of 2%.
The letter "X" can also be omitted if it is not necessary because the carbon content is not important.
⑷Carbon tool steel
The main body of the steel number is the same as the above-mentioned non-alloy steel. It is composed of the letter C and the number representing the average carbon content, followed by "W×" to distinguish the quality and purpose of the steel. W stands for tool steel (Werkzeugstahl), where:
W1-first-class quality;
W2-secondary quality;
W3-Level 3 quality;
WS-special quality and purpose.
German carbon tool steel has also adopted ISO international standard steel grades in recent years. Its steel grades are composed of C××U, which are common with C××W×, such as C80W1, which can also be expressed by C80U.
⑸High-speed tool steel
The brand name starts with the letter "S", which means high-speed tool steel (Schnellarbeitsstähle); the back is composed of 3 to 4 groups of numbers representing the average content of alloying elements, each group is separated by a short line, and each group of numbers is W-Mo-V -Co is arranged in order, Cr does not need to be expressed; the content of alloying elements expressed by numbers is directly expressed as a percentage of the average content, not multiplied by the index; high-speed steel without Mo is expressed by the number "0"; while those without Co For high-speed steel, only the first three sets of numbers can be used instead of "0".
German high-speed steel has also adopted European standard steel grades in recent years, and its steel grades are prefixed with "HS" (English: High Speed). The rest of the expression methods are the same, and both are common.
For example: S12-1-4-5 (HS12-1-4-5), which means that the average w(W) is 12%, w(Mo) is 1%, w(V) is 4%, w(Co) It is 5%, [w(Cr)4%] high-speed steel. S18-0-1 (HS18-0-1), which means that the average w (W) is 18%, without w (Mo), w (V) 1%, and without cobalt (w (Cr) 4%) High-speed steel is equivalent to W18Cr4V steel commonly used in my country.
DIN 17007
DIN 17007 is a system for naming materials with numerical numbers, also known as W-Nr (Werkstoff-Number).
The material number (W-Nr) of DIN 17007 is composed of 7 digits and is marked as ×. ××××. ××. In order from the first to the seventh digits, each represents a different meaning.
The first digit of the material number:
0—Pig iron and iron alloys; 1—Steel and cast steel; 2—Heavy metals (except steel); 3—Light metals; 4~8—non-metallic materials; 9—Internally used for new trial-produced products.
The second and third digits of the material number:
In the material number of steel, the most important is the 2nd and 3rd digits, indicating the steel grade group.
The 4th and 5th digits of the material number:
The 4th and 5th digits are category numbers, which can be determined arbitrarily, or distinguished by their carbon content or alloy content.
The 6th and 7th digits of the material number:
The sixth digit indicates the smelting and pouring process. The 7th digit indicates the heat treatment status. The 6th and 7th digits are generally not marked in the grades.
Examples of grades
The DIN standard (Deutsche Industrie Norm, German Industrial Standard) was formulated by the German Association for Standardization (Deutsches Institut für Normung, abbreviated DIN).
Regarding the DIN standard steel grade representation method, there are two types: DIN 17006 system and DIN 17007 system.
DIN 17006
In order to facilitate the naming of grades, DIN 17006 first stipulates the following concepts for various types of steel:
| Non-alloy stee | In steel, Si<0.5%, Mn<0.8%, Al and Ti<0.1%, Cu<0.25% |
| Alloy steel | Those with more than the above composition in the steel or those with other alloying elements deliberately added |
| Low-alloy steel | The total amount of alloying elements in steel is less than 5% |
| High alloy steel | The steel has an alloying element content of more than 5% |
According to DIN 17006's regulations on the representation method of grades, its grade consists of three parts:
① The main part of the strength or chemical composition of steel;
②The abbreviation of the smelting or original characteristics in front of the main body;
③The numbers representing the scope of guarantee and the abbreviations of the processing status attached to the main body.
The main part above and the meaning of the letters and numbers used are shown in the table below. However, the two parts ② and ③ can be omitted when not necessary.
|
Melting method (Representing letters) |
B | Belle Furnace Steel |
| E | Electric furnace steel (general) | |
| F | Reverberatory furnace steel | |
| I | Induction furnace steel | |
| LE | Electric arc furnace steel | |
| M | Open hearth steel | |
| PP | Wrought iron | |
| SS | Welding steel | |
| T | Thomas Steel | |
| TI | Crucible steel | |
| W | Converter steel | |
| Y | Oxygen converter steel | |
| Additional letters: | ||
| B | Alkaline | |
| Y | Acidic | |
|
Original feature (Representing letters) |
A | Aging resistant |
| G | Contains higher phosphorus and/or sulfur | |
| H | Semi-killed steel | |
| K | Contains lower phosphorus and/or sulfur | |
| L | Alkali-resistant and brittle | |
| P | Pressure weldable (forge weldable) | |
| Q |
Cold-headable (Squeezable, cold deformable) |
|
| R | Killed steel | |
| S | Weldable | |
| U | Boiling steel | |
| Z | Pullable | |
| main part | According to material strength: | |
| The lower limit of tensile strength of the main symbol "St" | ||
| According to chemical composition: | ||
|
Carbon symbol Carbon content Alloy element symbols Alloy content or Prefix X Carbon content Alloy element symbols Alloy content |
||
|
Guarantee range (Representative number) |
1 | Yield point |
| 2 | Bending or upsetting test | |
| 3 | Impact toughness | |
| 4 | Yield point and bending or upsetting test | |
| 5 | Bending or upsetting test and impact toughness | |
| 6 | Yield point and impact toughness | |
| 7 | Yield point and bending or upsetting test And impact toughness | |
| 8 | High temperature strength or creep strength | |
| 9 | Electrical characteristics or magnetic | |
| No number |
Bending or upsetting test (One sample per furnace) |
|
|
Processing status (Representing letters) |
A | Tempered |
| B | Treated for best machinability | |
| E | Carburized and quenched | |
| G | After softening annealing | |
| H | Quenched | |
| HF | Surface flame hardened | |
| HI | High-frequency induction hardened surface | |
| K | After cold processing (such as cold rolling, cold drawing, etc.) | |
| N | Normalized | |
| NT | Nitriding | |
| S | Stress-relieved annealing | |
| U | Untreated | |
| V | Tempered | |
The grades of the DIN 17006 system are divided into two types: according to the strength of raw materials and according to chemical composition.
(1) According to the method of expression of material strength
This method of expression is only applicable to non-alloy steel. The main body of the steel grade consists of the letters "St" (abbreviation for Stahl) followed by the lower limit value of tensile strength (MPa).
For example: St33-carbon steel with a tensile strength of not less than 310MPa; USt37, RSt37-boiling steel (USt) and killed steel (RSt) with a lower limit of tensile strength of 360MPa.
Another example is QSt37-3U, "Q" means cold-headable, "-3" means guaranteed impact toughness, and "U" means untreated.
In recent years, Germany has adopted European standards for the representation of non-alloy steel grades. Its grade S×××, S represents steel, and ××× indicates the lowest value of yield point (Mpa), and sometimes a suffix symbol is used to indicate the quality level or supply status. According to the different diameter or thickness of the steel, the carbon content of the same grade of steel is allowed to be adjusted.
(Ii) According to the chemical composition
This representation method can be divided into three types: non-alloy steel, low-alloy steel and high-alloy steel:
⑴Non-alloy steel
For carbon steel, only when it is used, when the other properties of the steel are more important than the tensile strength, or when the steel needs to be heat treated by the user (such as carburized steel, quenched and tempered steel), the chemical composition is used. method.
The main body of its steel grade is composed of the carbon symbol "C" and the subsequent number indicating the average carbon content of ten-thousandths. For example: C15-carburized steel with an average carbon content of 0.15%; C35N-quenched and tempered steel with an average carbon content of 0.35%, "N" means normalized.
According to the different quality requirements of carbon steel (the degree of restriction on phosphorus and sulfur content) and different uses, it can also be prefixed with Ck, Cm, Cf, Cq and other letters at the beginning of the grade:
C××—P in steel, S≤0.045% (×× represents the number of ten thousandths of average carbon content).
Ck××—High-quality steel with controlled sulfur and phosphorus content.
Cm××—High-quality steel with controlled sulfur content, S0.020-0.035% in steel.
Cf××—Steel for surface hardening.
Cq××—Steel for cold heading.
⑵ Low alloy steel and alloy steel
The main body of the grade is composed of a number indicating a few parts of carbon content, an alloy element symbol and a number indicating the value of the alloy element content. The alloy elements are represented by chemical symbols and are arranged in order according to their content: when the content is the same, then In alphabetical order. See the table below for the expression method of alloy element content.
| Alloy element |
Multiplier (average containing Multiplied by% of the amount) |
| Cr,Co,Mn,Ni,Si,W | 4 |
| Al,Be,Cu,Mo,Nb,Pb,Ta,Ti,V,Zr | 10 |
| Ce,N,P,S | 100 |
| B | 1000 |
Since the number after the element symbol in the brand is the product of the average content of alloying elements and the index in the above table, when you want the chemical composition of the brand, you should divide it by the original index.
For example: 13Cr2-represents a chromium steel with an average carbon content of 0.13% and an average chromium content (2÷4)%=0.5%;
25CrMo4—means a chromium-molybdenum steel with an average carbon content of 0.25%, an average chromium content (4÷4)%=1%, and molybdenum.
In some drawings or materials, a representative letter indicating the heat treatment state is added after the main body of the grade.
For example: 13Cr2E—means an average carbon content of 0.13% and an average chromium content of 0.5%, which has been carburized and quenched; 25CrMo4V—means an average carbon content of 0.25%, an average of 1% chromium, and contains molybdenum, which has been quenched and tempered.
⑶ High alloy steel
Its grade is preceded by the letter "X", which means high-alloy steel; followed by a number indicating the average carbon content of the steel and the chemical symbols of the alloying elements arranged in order according to the content; finally, the main alloying elements are indicated The average percentage of the content (rounded to the nearest whole number).
For example: X10CrNi18-8 means stainless steel with w(C) of 0.10%, w(Cr) of 18%, and w(Ni) of 8%. X10CrNiTi18-9-2 means stainless steel with w(C) of 0.10%, w(Cr) of 18%, w(Ni) of 9%, and w(Ti) of 2%.
The letter "X" can also be omitted if it is not necessary because the carbon content is not important.
⑷Carbon tool steel
The main body of the steel number is the same as the above-mentioned non-alloy steel. It is composed of the letter C and the number representing the average carbon content, followed by "W×" to distinguish the quality and purpose of the steel. W stands for tool steel (Werkzeugstahl), where:
W1-first-class quality;
W2-secondary quality;
W3-Level 3 quality;
WS-special quality and purpose.
German carbon tool steel has also adopted ISO international standard steel grades in recent years. Its steel grades are composed of C××U, which are common with C××W×, such as C80W1, which can also be expressed by C80U.
⑸High-speed tool steel
The brand name starts with the letter "S", which means high-speed tool steel (Schnellarbeitsstähle); the back is composed of 3 to 4 groups of numbers representing the average content of alloying elements, each group is separated by a short line, and each group of numbers is W-Mo-V -Co is arranged in order, Cr does not need to be expressed; the content of alloying elements expressed by numbers is directly expressed as a percentage of the average content, not multiplied by the index; high-speed steel without Mo is expressed by the number "0"; while those without Co For high-speed steel, only the first three sets of numbers can be used instead of "0".
German high-speed steel has also adopted European standard steel grades in recent years, and its steel grades are prefixed with "HS" (English: High Speed). The rest of the expression methods are the same, and both are common.
For example: S12-1-4-5 (HS12-1-4-5), which means that the average w(W) is 12%, w(Mo) is 1%, w(V) is 4%, w(Co) It is 5%, [w(Cr)4%] high-speed steel. S18-0-1 (HS18-0-1), which means that the average w (W) is 18%, without w (Mo), w (V) 1%, and without cobalt (w (Cr) 4%) High-speed steel is equivalent to W18Cr4V steel commonly used in my country.
DIN 17007
DIN 17007 is a system for naming materials with numerical numbers, also known as W-Nr (Werkstoff-Number).
The material number (W-Nr) of DIN 17007 is composed of 7 digits and is marked as ×. ××××. ××. In order from the first to the seventh digits, each represents a different meaning.
The first digit of the material number:
0—Pig iron and iron alloys; 1—Steel and cast steel; 2—Heavy metals (except steel); 3—Light metals; 4~8—non-metallic materials; 9—Internally used for new trial-produced products.
The second and third digits of the material number:
In the material number of steel, the most important is the 2nd and 3rd digits, indicating the steel grade group.
| Steel material name (category) | 2, 3 digits |
| Non-alloy steel for engineering | 00 , 01 , 05 |
| Weathering steel for welded structure | 89 |
| Steel for hydrogenation pressure vessel | 72 , 73 |
| Fine grain low alloy structure And cold stamping steel | 04 , 05 , 11 , 89 |
| Fine grain cold stamping steel | 09 , 89 |
|
High temperature structural steel And low temperature steel |
03 , 04 , 11 , 49 , 54 , 63 , 65 , 72 , 77 |
| Standard low temperature steel | 11 , 43 , 44 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 72 |
|
Case hardened steel (Standard carburized steel) |
03 , 04 , 11 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 65 , 66 , 70~73 |
| Nitrided steel | 85 |
| Steel for surface hardening | 11 , 12 , 51 , 69 , 72 , 81 |
| Quenched and tempered structural steel |
04 , 05 , 11 , 12 , 34 , 35 , 51 , 57 , 58 , 65 , 67 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 77 , 81 |
| Free cutting steel | 07 |
| Cold heading and cold extrusion steel | 11 , 59 , 65 , 70~72 |
| Spring steel | 12 , 50~52 , 71 , 77 , 81 |
| Bearing steel | 35 |
| Stainless steel | 40 , 41 , 43~45 |
| Heat-resistant steel | 47 , 48 , 53 |
| Carbon tool steel | 15~18 |
| Alloy tool steel | 20~28 , 41 |
| High-speed tool steel | 32 , 33 |
|
For general engineering Non-alloy cast steel |
04 , 05 |
| Low alloy cast steel for welding | 11 , 50 , 54 , 56 |
| Stainless and corrosion resistant cast steel | 40 , 43~45 |
| Heat-resistant cast steel | 17 , 47 , 48 |
| High manganese cast steel | 34 , 38 , 39 |
| Grey cast iron | 60 |
| Nodular cast iron | 70 |
| Malleable cast iron (white heart) | 80 |
| Malleable cast iron (black heart) | 81 |
| Anti-wear white cast iron | 96 |
|
Austenitic cast iron (Flake graphite) |
56 , 66 |
|
Austenitic cast iron (Spherical graphite) |
76 |
The 4th and 5th digits of the material number:
The 4th and 5th digits are category numbers, which can be determined arbitrarily, or distinguished by their carbon content or alloy content.
The 6th and 7th digits of the material number:
The sixth digit indicates the smelting and pouring process. The 7th digit indicates the heat treatment status. The 6th and 7th digits are generally not marked in the grades.
| Number | Material No. 6th | Material No. 7th |
| 0 | Indeterminate or unimportant | No heat treatment |
| 1 | Alkaline converter boiling steel | Normalizing |
| 2 | Basic converter killed steel | Softening annealing treatment |
| 3 | Special smelting method boiling steel |
After heat treatment Good cutting performance |
| 4 | Special smelting method killed steel | Toughness tempering |
| 5 | Open hearth boiling steel | Tempering |
| 6 | Open Hearth Killed Steel | Hard tempering |
| 7 | Oxygen blowing boiling steel | Cold deformation |
| 8 | Oxygen blowing killed steel | Spring hardened cold deformation |
| 9 | Electric furnace steel | Heat treatment specified by special requirements |
Examples of grades
| Steel grade | Material number (W-Nr) |
| C45 | 1.0503 |
| 42CrMo4 | 1.7218 |
| C67E | 1.1231 |
| 100Cr2 | 1.3501 |
| S-18-01 | 1.3355 |
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